The Scientific Revolution Enlightenment free essay sample

Logical Revolution Aristotle and Claudia Ptolemy sixteenth century science depended on their decisions Geocentric model: Earth is movement less different planets rotate around it Epicycles-Polymers thought hovers inside circles Crystalline circles: sky are made of a weightless substance permitting them to move Medieval scholars utilized Aristotle and Ptolemy belief system into a Christian structure Thomas Aquinas utilizes Unmoved Mover idea to affirm G-promotions presence Medieval masterminds accepted their speculation yet were uncertain regarding why the earth was in the middle, salvation can just OCCUr on earth so g-d set it there-?one line of reasoning Mathematics and science turned into the responses to tackling Earths riddles Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) Heliocentric model: sun in focus, round (epicycle) circle around On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres: hypothesis distributed 1543 Critics differ expressing it is UN-Christian and counter-intuitive Disagreed with their re ligious philosophy primary pioneers against it: martin Luther, john Calvin 1 ; If corp. We will compose a custom article test on The Scientific Revolution Enlightenment or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page . Right church and book of scriptures aren't right new bearing of reasoning this is just a hypothesis, doesn't have numerical apparatuses to demonstrate this thought Itchy Brave (1546-1601)Danish space expert Does not have a telescope however has a lab and finds exact information 1572-finds new star 1577-finds comet Johannes Keeper (1571-1630) Assistant to TUB New Astronomy (1609) Laws of Planetary Motion 1: circular circles 2: speed of planet in bigger circle is more slow speed of planet in littler circle quicker 3: farther from the sun more slow circle Keepers law give the establishments of Newtons Laws of Gravity Galileo Galilee (1564-1642) First to utilize the telescope: support for heliocentric hypothesis Bible temperamental source Dialog on Two Chief Systems of the World (1632) record of restricted nutcases: - earth turns on a pivot and earth spins around the sun Condemned by Catholic Church-?house capture Pendulum, standards of idleness. Spreads objects of various weight fall at a similar speed By the middles of the 1 seventh century, the new science turns into an undeniably Protestant and northern Europe wonder Argued that nature was chilly, sane, numerical and unthinking Laid establishment for the cutting edge investigation of mechanics-?establishment for Newton Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Universe is numerical, experimental, useful, no supernatural occurrences Calculus, idea of gravity, gravitational force Keepers 3 Laws of Planetary Motion becomes Newtons Laws of Motion Inertia, quickening, for each activity that is an equivalent and inverse response Principia Mathematical (1687) blend of science and math - Universal attractive energy: planets and star move b/c of gravity, gravity: why planets move in an efficient as opposed to clamorous backtalk each researcher admired Newton Cornelius Itchy Brave Johannes Keeper (arithmetic) Newt.Collectively break geocentric hypothesis Natural Philosophy (Modern Science) Attempt to comprehend the functions of nature and the structure of the universe Scientific Revolution: arrives at its perfection with Newton and his endings Biology, Chemistry, and Medicine: more noteworthy advances in material science and space science in 16 and 17 Andrea Versatile: The Structure of the Body (1543), dismemberment finding out about life structures William Harry: blood dissemination (1628) Robert Bayle: father of present day science, qualification between concoction components, mixes, and responses. Logical Reasoning and Logic/Philosophy Responds to science Scientists and logicians consider universe to be an administered widespread laws that can be seen, and found with judicious request and investigation Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Lord Chancellor of England l will put another course to scholarly discoveryJust on the grounds that a thought has been around for some time doesn't make it legitimate Knowing: made sure about by experience and information Nova Organza (New Method): what we can know is constrained to wha t we can run probes Causes of Human Error: Idols of the Tribe, Idols of the Cave, Idols of the Marketplace, Idols of the Theater Table of revelation: Experiments Lucifer: uncover information about the globe Experiments fructified: tests that refute things Inductive thinking to discover ends Small bits of examinations and reaching bigger inferences from them If on watches enough apples tumbling from a tree can finish up apples fall, not tideways Build up information to develop obvious end result ? inductive thinking Human Philosophy brain research building squares Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Founder of present day theory Rationalism/theory of the psyche: understanding world dependent on reason Discourse on Method generally acclaimed (1636) and Meditation on First Philosophy (1636) The Dread Argument/Deceiving G-d Argument/Evil Demon Argument: all he knows is bogus and could be bogus If we cannot believe our faculties to pass on obvious data about our general surroundings then we canno t confide in the ends weve made on the grounds of that sense discernment Thought break: tactile information is bogus my brain is genuine l think in this manner I am - ?> G-d is then likewise genuine and Hes not deceiving us about the World - ?> tangible information isn't bogus, use math and motivation to discover Truth is in the brain a human is a rest reflections (thinking thing) not a rest degrees (broadened thing) Cartesian Dualism: thought of reality cogitator thus whole (l think consequently I am) G-d unique cogitator himself, permits unwavering discernment Best approach to comprehend physical World is through math and reason Deductive thinking: rationale and motivation to discover reality The cutting edge Scientific Method Induction (Francis Bacon-inductive) EmpiricismDeduction (Desecrate deductive m) Rationalism Moving from the particular to the general Begins with the general and finishes with the particular Carols Linnaeus: grouped plants and animals by gees and speci es William Gilbert: electrical charges in substances Ben Franklin: Identified power in lightning a developed lighting bar Alexandra Vote: stockpiling battery, saddle power because of battery New Science Royal Society for Improving Natural Knowledge, London 166 French Academy of science, 1 666 Berlin Academy/Prussian Academy of Science, Berlin 17 The Enlightenment The Enlightenment (1700-1800) Deism: G-d as awesome watchmaker doesn't get included (generally far off) John Tolland Christianity Not Mysterious - instituted term deism Pantheism: G-d is (everything is the equivalent) and everything is G-d (progressively outrageous) Monism: everything is brought together by a solitary substance Branch tasting (1632-1677) Ethics: refute Descartes Dualism (mind is discrete from issue) Substance: is a substance (internal being or embodiment) Modes: creatures and everything ( articulation) No great and abhorrent, just point of view State of Nature: disorder or steady condition of war dread of t umultuous Social Contract: understanding made to keep up social request and harmony ThomasHobbes (1588-1679) Pessimistic accepted people are terrible Leviathan: 1651 promoters absolutism, move away from what the dread and towards wants Fundamental want is endure Likes absolutism Dislikes Anarchy Man must pick managed: absolutism (just right gobo) and security free: insurgency and dread Bad and come up short on an ace Give up capacity to leviathan so he can ensure us John Locke (1632-1 704) Optimistic Essay Concerning Human Understanding: Theory of Tabular Rasa - clear record - information from encounters - condition impacts human conduct - society advances with instruction Two Treatises of Civil Government (1690) In condition of nature Pl. Are equivalent and acceptable Social agreement Pl. Arm government ensures characteristic rights (freedom property satisfaction) Rebellion: infringement of rights Constitutional government is bolstered Biases Pascal (1623-1662) Reunite science with religion Mystical encounters empowers Pascals Wager: better to accept then not to, gain you increase all, free you don't free anything Pennies (Thoughts) Witch Craft!!! 70,000-10,000 ladies condemned ladies more established, widows 80% older 1700 finish of witch rage conventional convictions and fears bring about witch frenzies and fever Voltaire (Franã §ois Marie Route) (1694-177) Constitutional government > French absolutism wavers on the English: differentiated English political freedom and scholarly autonomy with Frances oppression and subjugation Letters are the main sparkles in the French Revolution Enlightened Despotism: visitor at Potsdam in court of Frederick the Great, type Of absolutism , looses favor with him and is ousted f rom Prussia.

The Scarlet Letter Notes By Ch Essay Example For Students

The Scarlet Letter Notes By Ch Essay By: Kevin THE SCARLET LETTER The Custom House: Hawthorne says that he keeps in touch with the entire world trusting that somebody will comprehend what he is discussing. He proceeds to talk about Salem, where his family members have lived and kicked the bucket since its reality. After some time Salem has gotten a greater amount of a sense to his family, and has attempted to get away, however consistently return. His kids were not conceived in Salem since he needed to break liberated from the convention. He analyzes individuals to plants in that in the event that you don't transplant, future harvests will be destroyed. We will compose a custom article on The Scarlet Letter Notes By Ch explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now He descries his progenitors as Puritans. They would not support of his way of life as an author since it is to useless. He at that point portrays his arrival to Salem and his new position at the Custom House. His workers are old veterans that both diverted and tormented the creator. After the men discovered he intended no mischief they unwind and invest their energy recounting stories. Custom House Inspector-head pioneer of every custom house, extraordinary state of being in spite of mature age, yet had no cerebrums. His dad put him into his position. He has no recollections of encounters, just food. Authority exceptionally old, solid soul, his age has genuinely influenced him, in war he was severe, however now he wouldnt hurt a fly. Assessor more in contact with his considerations than with this present reality, proverb: Ill attempt, sir!, depicted as a corroded blade Authors title: Surveyor of Revenue One blustery day he glances through old barrels of articles and finds a red letter An and an archive portraying the life of Hester Prynne. He guarantees that these fill in as records of confirmation for his novel. (These were rarely found and were presumably made up to give the novel a recorded sense. ) He chooses to compose a book dependent on this. He does his composition under evening glow or firelight. As he composes he understands he should go out. Its method of creating a steady life is irresistible. It doesnt permit you to help yourself. Be that as it may, at that point he is elevated to P.P. furthermore, chooses to remain. Similarly as he feels good he was terminated. In light of this he came back to composing. (Allegory utilized: political guillotine.) He asserts that in spite of the fact that the story is solemn, his brain outline while composing stayed chipper. He says he holds no feelings of resentment and that the Custom House individuals don't intrigue and upset him any longer. He believes that he will pass on and before long be overlooked in Salem. He additionally doesnt imagine that people in the future will discover quite a bit of an enthusiasm for Salem, past the towns water siphon. Section 1: The Prison Door A horde of people is assembled outside of Bostons jail entryway. In spite of the fact that Boston was initially structured as an Utopia, however the initial scarcely any things to be assembled were the jail and the graveyard. He additionally says that the jail has been matured rapidly. Outside of the jail is a little parcel with wild plants developing in it. The most significant is the flower shrubbery. It offers solace to detainees being brought into prison and to individuals going to be executed. This rosebush has been kept alive in history and outlasted the immense pines and oaks around it. Part 2: The Market Place The creator begins the section with a group outside the jail entryway. He clarifies that in this time even minor infringement and disciplines were dealt with precisely equivalent to executions. Ladies of this time were bigger genuinely, yet were progressively powerful verbally also. This is the fundamental explanation they detest Hester, who is preferred investigating they are. They feel that her discipline ought to be serious, from a marking on her brow to death. Hester comes out of the jail and permits her three-month-old youngster to see regular light just because. .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd , .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd .postImageUrl , .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd , .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd:hover , .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd:visited , .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd:active { border:0!important; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd:active , .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enrichment: underline; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6 bf6a71cccd4bd .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Liberty Valance Essay She at that point moves her child to her other arm to uncover a red An on her. It is portrayed as masterfully done, exquisite, and expound. Hester Prynne-youthful, tall, with a figure of ideal style for a huge scope, dim hair that was gleaming to such an extent that it lost the

Overview of a Technology based Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Diagram of a Technology based Company - Essay Example ter this, Hewlett †Packard had the option to form into making electronic instruments for the US government, explicitly dependent on requirements for structures and wellbeing. It was during the 1940s that there was significant development inside the association and prompted consistent extension. By 1947, more than 39 items were offered through the organization, all dependent on new advancements with gadgets. In 1957, HP turned into a traded on an open market organization and was recorded on the stock trade for $16 per share. The organization was recorded under the business of hardware in the stock trade. By 1959, the organization had incorporated with a worldwide enterprise with radio gear and electronically tried data originating from the base in California, yet in addition moving into regions, for example, Germany and Switzerland. The fundamental methodology now was to test and create various limits in hardware with a few commercial centers and branches. For example, clinical instruments, examination and more up to date advancements were completely included into the business. In 1966, HP built up the principal PC utilized by the organization, trailed by logical number crunchers and other office type electronic supplies that additional into the primary gadgets of HP. Today, HP keeps on including extra electronic gadgets, extending from a portion of the fresher choices in electronic gadg ets to starting segments that have kept on creating through the start of the company. There are three primary branches that are a piece of HP, including individual frameworks for PCs, versatile processing and workstations, the imaging and printing gathering and the undertaking business administrations, which comprises of business items, stockpiling, servers and endeavor programming (HP, 2010). The corporate destinations of the organization depend on advancement and hardware. The principal corporate goal is client faithfulness. The fundamental concentration inside this is to deliver a few sorts of gadgets that have quality and worth, which permits a few of the clients to return for more up to date

Descriptive Statistics Scope / Methods Political Science - 2200 Words

Descriptive Statistics: Scope and Methods in Political Science (Statistics Project Sample) Content: by Political Science 2101PRIVATEScope and Methods in Political ScienceSecond Problem SetQUESTIOIN 1Below is a cross tabulation of two variables from a survey of students in PSC 2101 from the fall of 2012: (1) student political ideology and (2) student predictions regarding whether President Obama will be reelected. Calculate an appropriate measure of association for this cross tabulation, and interpret this statistic regarding the direction and strength of the association between the two variables.SOLUTION:The data from the above image has been summarized as shown below  Do you think president Obama will be re-elected in 2012   liberal Slightly liberal moderate Slightly conservative conservative total Respondent ID No 0 1 0 1 3 5 Maybe 4 1 1 1 2 9 Yes 17 13 7 5 1 41  Total answered 21 13 8 7 6 55 From the table above the variables under à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"do you think president Obama will be re-elected in 2012à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ are the depen dent variables while the variables across respondent ID (no, yes and maybe) are the independent variables. They have been summarized in their orderly form.To calculate the Gamma, the following formula is usedGamma = Number of concordant pairs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ number of discordant pairsNumber of concordant pairs + number of discordant pairs= nc - ndnc + ndConcordant pairs are the numbers in a pair of observations where the elements of one pair have the properties such that they are greater than, equal to or less than another pair in relation to the elements in the other pair. They are indicated as shown below;nc1 = 170 nc2 = 40 nc3 = 52 nc4 = 0 total nc 262 Discordant pairs are the numbers in a pair of observable variables whereby if one pair has a larger value of the X value then automatically the other pair has a larger value of the Y value. They are indicated as shown below;nd1 = 0 nd2 = 104 nd3 = 0 nd4 = 13 total nd 117 Gamma = 0.382585752This test statistic assumes that there is a we ak significant relationship between the respondents and their views on whether president Obama will be re-elected in 2012QUESTION 2Below is a cross tabulation of two variables: (1) student gender and (2) student attitudes toward professors banning laptops during class. Calculate the chi square for this cross tabulation, and interpret this statistic regarding the statistical significance of the association between the two variables.SOLUTION:The observed summary is as shown belowObserved frequencies   gender   male female Total ban laptops no 17 23 40 maybe 5 7 12 yes 4 5 9  total 26 35 61 Before calculating the Chi-Square, we need do derive the null and alternative hypothesis required for this test.Null hypothesis:Ho: the two variables Ban laptops and Gender are independentAlternative hypothesis:H1: the two variables Ban laptops and Gender are not independent.Test statistic: Chi square = à ¢ [(oi à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ ei)2 / ei]Where, [oi] = observed frequencie sAnd [ei] are the expected frequenciesObserved frequencies   gender   male female Total ban laptops no 17 23 40 ...

The Effects Of Exposure On Substance Usage Essay - 992 Words

4.1 Findings and Discussion: 4.1.1. High exposure to substance usage: The theme of exposure to substance usage is one found within the speech of many of participants within the conducted interview sessions. It is important to note that every single participants within the study claimed to have been exposed to substance use, abuse and dependency to some degree, and indeed many participants claimed to have used substances themselves. Also noteworthy is that participants seemed unsurprised by these high levels of exposure. [Participant Group 2] INT: Have you ever been exposed to someone who uses substances in your life? Doesn t necessarily have to be an abuser it can be just using? Um...Yeah we ll start with just that, but it s a two point question. Do you have anyone in your life that you would identify as using, or that have used, substances? H: Definitely, (laughs) quite a few people. INT: And what range of substances are there that they use? H: It varies, it goes from fairly mild things like just alcohol and cigarettes to extremes like addictive substances like cocaine and stuff, KAT etc. As can be seen from the extract above the types of substances participants report to have been exposed to varies from common everyday substances (i.e. alcohol and cigarettes) to illegal and highly addictive substances such as cocaine or ketamine. This begs the question as to how this extreme level of exposure to substance use, abuse and dependency shapes the social constructionsShow MoreRelatedMobile Phone Radiation Affects Our Health Essay1140 Words   |  5 Pagesseveral years, the World Health Organization (WHO) has assured people that there are no significant risks stemming from repeated use of mobile phones. However, it included mobile phone radiation to the list of carcinogenic substances in the year 2011. A carcinogenic substance is a substance that is directly involved in causing cancer. What exactly is Mobile Phone Radiation? 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My Worldview And New Age Thinking, Postmodernism, And...

There are millions of people in the world and many different worldviews. There are four main worldviews that many people follow and they are Atheism, Hinduism/Buddhism/New Age thinking, Postmodernism, and Christianity. In all honesty, I feel that there isn’t truly a wrong answer to this question because everybody has their own worldview. However, my worldview is Christianity and I will explain why I believe in this worldview. First, I will start off by saying that I believe there is one God who has infinite wisdom, holiness and power, who has existed eternally as the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Knowing that the entire universe is a creation of God and is entirely dependent on him for the existence of every living organism is a†¦show more content†¦In my opinion, Earth is just our temporary home and we are just passing through here on our way to live eternally with Him. With this being said, I think that one of the hardest things people have with Christianity is actually knowing whether or not to believe it. How do we know what’s actual reality? We have been given the intelligence by God in which we are expected to use, whether we are to use it to better understand the universe and how it works or to better our knowledge of Him. However, society along with science among other things, all affect our ability to think clearly, especially when it comes to the truth about spiritual matters. I believe that the truth about God and life and death all come to us by revelation. Everything comes full circle and I believe that there are things that help show God’s presence. However, I believe that God only reveals his truth to people who are humble enough to receive it. (Tripp) Because our God is perfectly good, when he created each of us with the same qualities or moral and goodness that he also possessed. Unfortunately, mankind has not used the freedom given to them in the way it was intended to be used and our morals have become tw isted and we have drifted away from how life was intended for us to be. We were all born as sinners and our goodness is also tainted with sin, which in turn effects our relationship with God himself. (Tripp) It is

Medicine in Britain and American Essay Example For Students

Medicine in Britain and American Essay Medicine in BritainIn Britain there is a National Health Service (NHS) which is paid for by taxes and National Insurance, and in general people do not have to pay for medical treatment; but people do sometimes have to pay part of the cost of drugs that the doctor prescribes. Every person is registered with a doctor in their local area, know as general practitioner or GP. This means that their name is on the GPs list, and they may make an appointment to see the doctor or may call the doctor out to visit them if they are ill. Registering with a doctor is a useful and efficient way, which brings convenience to both patients and doctors. GPs are trained in general medicine but are not specialists in any particular subject. If a patient needs to see a specialist doctor, they must first go to their GP and then the GP will make an appointment for the patient to see a specialist at a hospital or clinic. So generally speaking, the specislist will have enough time give careful exam and perfect treat to the patients. Although everyone in Britain can have free treatment under the National Health Service. It is also possible to have treatment done privately, for which one has to pay. Some people have private health insurance to help them pay for private treatment. Under the NHS, people who need to go to hospital may have to wait for a long time on a waiting list for their treatment. If they pay for the treatment, they will probably get it quickly. I think this phenomenon is not good and unfair. If some poor people have serious illness, they also have to wait in a long queue; so the result may be very bad. Luckily, nowadays the Britain government is discussing to put out more effective meatures. Medicine in the USUnlike Britain, the US does not have a national health care service. The government does help pay for some medical care for people who are on low incomes and for the old, but most people buy insurance to help pay for medical care. Some people cannot afford insurance but are not poor enough to get government help. The cost of medical insurance and the problems of those who can not afford it are an important political subject. I suggest that the government should put people into several categories. For example, the poorest, the less poorer, and the people having common income. Then the government give them different help according to their incomes. In the US, people wont stay in hospital for a long time after operation. That is decisided by medicinal policy there. The longer patient stays in hospital, the much money the insurance company has to pay. So the teartment time will be figured out by doctors accurately. That indicates though the America is a country which has good material benefits, there still has not sufficient funds for medicine.When people are ill, they usually go first to a general practitioner or internist. Unlike in Britain, however, people sometimes go straight to a specialist, without seeing their general practitioner first. Children are usually taken to a pediatrician (a doctor who is a specialist in the treatment of children). As in Britain, if a patient needs to see a specialist doctor, their general doctor will usually give them the name of one. On the contrary, the American doctors don not go to peoples homes when they are ill. People always make appointments to see the doctor in the doctors office. In emergencies, people call for an ambulance. Hospital must treat all emergency patients, even if the patient does not have medical insurance. Obviously, compared with that in Britain, going to see a specialist directly when come across emergency is more convenient. But do you know seeing a specislist needs a lot of money, so it is impossible for the poor to do so. And the facilities in big hospital are advanced than that in clinic, the poor also have difficulty to afford it. To sum up this two kinds of medical patterns in two countries, the best advantage is the national insurance, which is much more than that in China. The di sadvantage is that it may be expensive to see a private doctor. Because of the different levels of incomes, the rich and the poor will have unfair treatments. So the two governments should make out more reasonable medicinal policies to satisfy the peoples needs. Quotations:http://news.xinhuanet.com/overseas/2005-09/22/content_3526233.htmhttp://www.chinainfo.gov.cn/data/200512/1_20051223_125054.html