Descriptive Statistics Scope / Methods Political Science - 2200 Words

Descriptive Statistics: Scope and Methods in Political Science (Statistics Project Sample) Content: by Political Science 2101PRIVATEScope and Methods in Political ScienceSecond Problem SetQUESTIOIN 1Below is a cross tabulation of two variables from a survey of students in PSC 2101 from the fall of 2012: (1) student political ideology and (2) student predictions regarding whether President Obama will be reelected. Calculate an appropriate measure of association for this cross tabulation, and interpret this statistic regarding the direction and strength of the association between the two variables.SOLUTION:The data from the above image has been summarized as shown below  Do you think president Obama will be re-elected in 2012   liberal Slightly liberal moderate Slightly conservative conservative total Respondent ID No 0 1 0 1 3 5 Maybe 4 1 1 1 2 9 Yes 17 13 7 5 1 41  Total answered 21 13 8 7 6 55 From the table above the variables under à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"do you think president Obama will be re-elected in 2012à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ are the depen dent variables while the variables across respondent ID (no, yes and maybe) are the independent variables. They have been summarized in their orderly form.To calculate the Gamma, the following formula is usedGamma = Number of concordant pairs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ number of discordant pairsNumber of concordant pairs + number of discordant pairs= nc - ndnc + ndConcordant pairs are the numbers in a pair of observations where the elements of one pair have the properties such that they are greater than, equal to or less than another pair in relation to the elements in the other pair. They are indicated as shown below;nc1 = 170 nc2 = 40 nc3 = 52 nc4 = 0 total nc 262 Discordant pairs are the numbers in a pair of observable variables whereby if one pair has a larger value of the X value then automatically the other pair has a larger value of the Y value. They are indicated as shown below;nd1 = 0 nd2 = 104 nd3 = 0 nd4 = 13 total nd 117 Gamma = 0.382585752This test statistic assumes that there is a we ak significant relationship between the respondents and their views on whether president Obama will be re-elected in 2012QUESTION 2Below is a cross tabulation of two variables: (1) student gender and (2) student attitudes toward professors banning laptops during class. Calculate the chi square for this cross tabulation, and interpret this statistic regarding the statistical significance of the association between the two variables.SOLUTION:The observed summary is as shown belowObserved frequencies   gender   male female Total ban laptops no 17 23 40 maybe 5 7 12 yes 4 5 9  total 26 35 61 Before calculating the Chi-Square, we need do derive the null and alternative hypothesis required for this test.Null hypothesis:Ho: the two variables Ban laptops and Gender are independentAlternative hypothesis:H1: the two variables Ban laptops and Gender are not independent.Test statistic: Chi square = à ¢ [(oi à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ ei)2 / ei]Where, [oi] = observed frequencie sAnd [ei] are the expected frequenciesObserved frequencies   gender   male female Total ban laptops no 17 23 40 ...

The Effects Of Exposure On Substance Usage Essay - 992 Words

4.1 Findings and Discussion: 4.1.1. High exposure to substance usage: The theme of exposure to substance usage is one found within the speech of many of participants within the conducted interview sessions. It is important to note that every single participants within the study claimed to have been exposed to substance use, abuse and dependency to some degree, and indeed many participants claimed to have used substances themselves. Also noteworthy is that participants seemed unsurprised by these high levels of exposure. [Participant Group 2] INT: Have you ever been exposed to someone who uses substances in your life? Doesn t necessarily have to be an abuser it can be just using? Um...Yeah we ll start with just that, but it s a two point question. Do you have anyone in your life that you would identify as using, or that have used, substances? H: Definitely, (laughs) quite a few people. INT: And what range of substances are there that they use? H: It varies, it goes from fairly mild things like just alcohol and cigarettes to extremes like addictive substances like cocaine and stuff, KAT etc. As can be seen from the extract above the types of substances participants report to have been exposed to varies from common everyday substances (i.e. alcohol and cigarettes) to illegal and highly addictive substances such as cocaine or ketamine. This begs the question as to how this extreme level of exposure to substance use, abuse and dependency shapes the social constructionsShow MoreRelatedMobile Phone Radiation Affects Our Health Essay1140 Words   |  5 Pagesseveral years, the World Health Organization (WHO) has assured people that there are no significant risks stemming from repeated use of mobile phones. However, it included mobile phone radiation to the list of carcinogenic substances in the year 2011. A carcinogenic substance is a substance that is directly involved in causing cancer. What exactly is Mobile Phone Radiation? 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My Worldview And New Age Thinking, Postmodernism, And...

There are millions of people in the world and many different worldviews. There are four main worldviews that many people follow and they are Atheism, Hinduism/Buddhism/New Age thinking, Postmodernism, and Christianity. In all honesty, I feel that there isn’t truly a wrong answer to this question because everybody has their own worldview. However, my worldview is Christianity and I will explain why I believe in this worldview. First, I will start off by saying that I believe there is one God who has infinite wisdom, holiness and power, who has existed eternally as the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Knowing that the entire universe is a creation of God and is entirely dependent on him for the existence of every living organism is a†¦show more content†¦In my opinion, Earth is just our temporary home and we are just passing through here on our way to live eternally with Him. With this being said, I think that one of the hardest things people have with Christianity is actually knowing whether or not to believe it. How do we know what’s actual reality? We have been given the intelligence by God in which we are expected to use, whether we are to use it to better understand the universe and how it works or to better our knowledge of Him. However, society along with science among other things, all affect our ability to think clearly, especially when it comes to the truth about spiritual matters. I believe that the truth about God and life and death all come to us by revelation. Everything comes full circle and I believe that there are things that help show God’s presence. However, I believe that God only reveals his truth to people who are humble enough to receive it. (Tripp) Because our God is perfectly good, when he created each of us with the same qualities or moral and goodness that he also possessed. Unfortunately, mankind has not used the freedom given to them in the way it was intended to be used and our morals have become tw isted and we have drifted away from how life was intended for us to be. We were all born as sinners and our goodness is also tainted with sin, which in turn effects our relationship with God himself. (Tripp) It is

Medicine in Britain and American Essay Example For Students

Medicine in Britain and American Essay Medicine in BritainIn Britain there is a National Health Service (NHS) which is paid for by taxes and National Insurance, and in general people do not have to pay for medical treatment; but people do sometimes have to pay part of the cost of drugs that the doctor prescribes. Every person is registered with a doctor in their local area, know as general practitioner or GP. This means that their name is on the GPs list, and they may make an appointment to see the doctor or may call the doctor out to visit them if they are ill. Registering with a doctor is a useful and efficient way, which brings convenience to both patients and doctors. GPs are trained in general medicine but are not specialists in any particular subject. If a patient needs to see a specialist doctor, they must first go to their GP and then the GP will make an appointment for the patient to see a specialist at a hospital or clinic. So generally speaking, the specislist will have enough time give careful exam and perfect treat to the patients. Although everyone in Britain can have free treatment under the National Health Service. It is also possible to have treatment done privately, for which one has to pay. Some people have private health insurance to help them pay for private treatment. Under the NHS, people who need to go to hospital may have to wait for a long time on a waiting list for their treatment. If they pay for the treatment, they will probably get it quickly. I think this phenomenon is not good and unfair. If some poor people have serious illness, they also have to wait in a long queue; so the result may be very bad. Luckily, nowadays the Britain government is discussing to put out more effective meatures. Medicine in the USUnlike Britain, the US does not have a national health care service. The government does help pay for some medical care for people who are on low incomes and for the old, but most people buy insurance to help pay for medical care. Some people cannot afford insurance but are not poor enough to get government help. The cost of medical insurance and the problems of those who can not afford it are an important political subject. I suggest that the government should put people into several categories. For example, the poorest, the less poorer, and the people having common income. Then the government give them different help according to their incomes. In the US, people wont stay in hospital for a long time after operation. That is decisided by medicinal policy there. The longer patient stays in hospital, the much money the insurance company has to pay. So the teartment time will be figured out by doctors accurately. That indicates though the America is a country which has good material benefits, there still has not sufficient funds for medicine.When people are ill, they usually go first to a general practitioner or internist. Unlike in Britain, however, people sometimes go straight to a specialist, without seeing their general practitioner first. Children are usually taken to a pediatrician (a doctor who is a specialist in the treatment of children). As in Britain, if a patient needs to see a specialist doctor, their general doctor will usually give them the name of one. On the contrary, the American doctors don not go to peoples homes when they are ill. People always make appointments to see the doctor in the doctors office. In emergencies, people call for an ambulance. Hospital must treat all emergency patients, even if the patient does not have medical insurance. Obviously, compared with that in Britain, going to see a specialist directly when come across emergency is more convenient. But do you know seeing a specislist needs a lot of money, so it is impossible for the poor to do so. And the facilities in big hospital are advanced than that in clinic, the poor also have difficulty to afford it. To sum up this two kinds of medical patterns in two countries, the best advantage is the national insurance, which is much more than that in China. The di sadvantage is that it may be expensive to see a private doctor. Because of the different levels of incomes, the rich and the poor will have unfair treatments. So the two governments should make out more reasonable medicinal policies to satisfy the peoples needs. Quotations:http://news.xinhuanet.com/overseas/2005-09/22/content_3526233.htmhttp://www.chinainfo.gov.cn/data/200512/1_20051223_125054.html

Leonardo DaVinci Essays - Giftedness, Age Of Enlightenment

Leonardo DaVinci Geniuses come few and far between in history. Hippocrates came in the late BC period. Einstein came in the late 1800s-early 1900s. Leonardo came in between the two of them, but is not recognized as well as they are. He was a brilliant human being. He was a master in the fields of painting, designing, engineering, and science. Most people know him merely as an artist, and some know him as an inventor, but not too many people know him for what he really was. This is because his life and his accomplishments are not taught, as in depth as they should be. During the height of the renascence, a genius was born in 1452 in the small town of Vinci, near Florence. He would become a great artist, engineer, inventor, and a scientist. His name was Leonardo, a name that would soon be associated with the word brilliant. He was born to Piero, the lawyer of the town, and Catarina, who gave Leonardo to his father, and left them both for a man of her social class. She is not mentioned in Leonardo's notebooks, as he was probably too young to remember her. Leonardo grew up feeling different from the other children. He had a strange curiosity that was lacking in the other children. He would buy birds from the markets, and set them free, because he thought it was wrong to keep them locked up in cages. He also had a strange curiosity about the world around him. He kept collections of "snakeskins, odd stones polished by water, birds' eggs, the skeletons of small animals, insects stuck on pins, tadpoles, and strange plants," in his room because they fascinated him. Leonardo would draw the things in his collection in a notebook. When his father saw the notebook, he thought that there was a possibility that Leonardo had a chance to become an artist. Piero went into Florence once a month on business and one time he brought some of his son's work. He showed it to his friend Andrea del Verrocchio. "He saw more than just mere talent in Leonardo" and almost immediately, Leonardo moved to Florence as Verrocchio apprentice. Leonardo never got married. From what is known, he did not have any children, either. I find this tragic, for if he had any children, they may have possibly continued in Leonardo's footsteps, and become great geniuses as well. Leonardo was so talented that after Leonardo painted two angels in the corner of Verrocchio's Baptism of Christ, Verrocchio never painted again. Soon after that Leonardo went on to paint the Annunciation, which was his first of only a few completed paintings. When Leonardo painted he generally experimented with new techniques, and paints, so once he finished perfecting the experiment he went on to another work. Leonardo's paintings are truly masterful. He made two copies of one of his first paintings, The Virgin on the Rocks. The first one he painted in Florence. The second one he painted for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception. He was commissioned to paint for them. He felt he was not being paid enough to create a new painting. Therefore, rather than refusing to paint, or raising the price, Leonardo, smart as he was, suggested that he copy of The Virgin on the Rocks for them. Although the paintings are relatively the same, there are noticeable differences in the details of the two of them. Leonardo's version of The Last Supper is truly the best version ever created. "Artists before Leonardo had tried to recreate this dramatic moment in Christ's life, but no one had succeeded with such nobility and force." Leonardo depicted all the apostles with such personality and grace that all of their emotions and feelings were masterfully revealed. The betrayal is shown beautifully as well. Truly, no one has ever come close to surpassing the true genius of DaVinci's depiction of the Last Supper. Another great painting by Leonardo DaVinci is the Mona Lisa. This is his most famous painting. Mona Lisa was the daughter of a Florentine merchant. She is sitting with her hands folded, with a particular grin, which is seen in many of Leonardo's paintings. Leonardo's inventions were way ahead of his time. He created plans for tanks, helicopters, submarines, and many other weapons of war and machinery. He also experimented with flying, and although now one really knows for sure, many people believe that he was unsuccessful at this. For every recreation of his experiment has used materials that Leonardo didn't have

Use of ~ Kana at the End of Sentence

Use of ~ Kana at the End of Sentence For new students learning Japanese, youll eventually come across sentences ending with kana. Sometimes from the context, its difficult to tell what kana means. How does it translate into a sentence? Heres the basic breakdown of this unusual Japanese sentence structure (unusual to English speakers, at least): When you see Kana at the end of a sentence, it is essentially inferring the English equivalent of I wonder. Its a relatively casual expression, and used quite often in conversation. Instead of just asking the question, its a way of couching it a bit, to encourage the listener to wonder as well.   Here are some examples: Ashita yuki ga furu kana.明æâ€" ¥Ã©â€º ªÃ£ Å'é™ Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ªÃ£â‚¬â€š I wonder if it will snow tomorrow. Ano hito wa supein-jin kana.㠁‚㠁 ®Ã¤ º ºÃ£  ¯Ã£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'šã‚ ¤Ã£Æ' ³Ã¤ º ºÃ£ â€¹Ã£  ªÃ£â‚¬â€š I wonder if he/she is Spanish. ~ kashira 㠁‹ã â€"ら can be replaced with ~ kana, though it is used only by females. Kore ikura kashira.㠁“ã‚Å'㠁„㠁 Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ªÃ£â‚¬â€š I wonder how much it is. Dou shita no kashira.㠁 ©Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã  ®Ã£ â€¹Ã£ â€"ら。 I wonder what happened. Here are some more phrases with ~ kana. Nani o kite ikou kana.ä ½â€¢Ã£â€šâ€™Ã§ â‚¬Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£ â€œÃ£ â€ Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ªÃ£â‚¬â€š What shall I wear? Mattete kureru kana.Ã¥ ¾â€¦Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£  ¦Ã£  Ã£â€šÅ'る㠁‹ã  ªÃ£â‚¬â€š I wonder if he/she will wait for me. Machiawase-basho machigaeta kana.Ã¥ ¾â€¦Ã£  ¡Ã¥ Ë†Ã£â€š Ã£ â€ºÃ¥   ´Ã¦â€°â‚¬Ã©â€"“é â€¢Ã£ Ë†Ã£ Å¸Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ªÃ£â‚¬â€š I wonder if I am waitingin the wrong place. Okane, ato ikura nokotteru kana.㠁Šé‡‘〠Ã¥ ¾Å'㠁„㠁 Ã£â€šâ€°Ã¦ ®â€¹Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ªÃ£â‚¬â€š I wonder how much money I have left. .æ  ¥Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã£  ¯Ã£ â€žÃ£ â€žÃ£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£ â€šÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ªÃ£â‚¬â€š I wonder if next year will bringsomething good. To ask the question and add an element of doubt or uncertainty I wasnt sure whether it would snow you would add  Ã£  ®(no) forming nokana.

Finance and Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Finance and Accounting - Essay Example The studies referring this approach view beliefs for Service Level Agreement (SLA) indicating the future behaviour of the students as well as effective learners. The study related to normative approach enables to provide a description along with classification of the types of beliefs related to SLA (Holliday, 1994). The normative approach comprises studies which include beliefs, methodologies, and relationship among actions along with their advantages and disadvantages (Kalaja & Barcelos, 2006). The normative approach can be beneficial to accounting as a new diversified research approach emerges with the approach, which would enhance the position of accounting research along with accounting theory (Coetsee, 2010). However, the normative approach disappoints to illuminate credible understandings regarding problems related to accounting practices for social and economic factors. It is also concerned with the development of normative theories which impose standards based on theories rel ated to quality information and relevant information about the consequences of conventional accounting system. It also reflects certain facts related to inefficiency of comparability among various financial statements due to a variety of alternative rules related to accounting. Moreover, normative accounting theories replicate various actions and processes that are approved by accountants in order to accomplish the desired goals or objectives (Banerjee, 2010). A positive approach can be defined as a determinant through which critical situations or crisis circumstances can be ignored by driving the opportunities to an expected higher level. The positive approach can also be determined through a positive drive. Positive approach also promotes the failure and success of an organisation as well (Barber, 2011). The role of accounting in positive approach can be described with respect to accounting aspects, role of accountant and impact of accounting on resources as well as people. Moreov er, the approach is structured on the basis of proposition for regulators, shareholders and managers for maximising the utility. The approach is completely opposite to normative approach (Womlib, 2001). Part B Literature Review According to the observation of Belkaoui (2004), in the context of normative approach, it can be stated that accounting in relation to descriptive approach can be critically evaluated through normative methodology. Normative accounting theory justifies what should to be done rather than what it is. It can be viewed that in the professional field of accounting, a belief is widely apprehended that accounting is considered as an art which is not formalised. Furthermore, it also entails methodologies used in traditional aspects that can be considered in the establishment of accounting theory. It also justifies these facts that by coding of accounting practices. Moreover, in the context of oversimplifying, the complex nature of accounting phenomena and issues can be identified which are essentially required in order for formulating accounting theory. The methodology of normative approach can be considered in order to validate a few of the accounting practices that are required to be approved. It can be stated that among the studies provided in normative approach, Moonitz and Sprouse deserve special mention. Normative accounting theory emphasises on reference theory, thus enabling an appropriate way of making the prediction of various accounting phenomena, along with evaluating interactions amid accounting variables in the